On Homomorphic Encryption

Probably, one of the most exciting recent developments in the field of cryptography is the emergence of homomorphic encryption which is a type of encryption that allows computations to be performed on encrypted data while it remains encrypted, in other words, without the need to decrypt it first. This means that sensitive data can be kept confidential while still being used by third-parties.

This is achieved through the use of special encryption algorithms that preserve the mathematical structures of the plaintext data, allowing meaningful computations to be performed on the encrypted data while preventing unauthorized access to the actual plaintext data (which is never exposed and remain secure).

This technology is particularly useful in situations where privacy and security are of great importance, such as in the healthcare industry, where patient data must be kept confidential, or in financial services, where sensitive data such as bank account information needs to be processed securely. 

Knowing and Protecting Your Data

Computer circuitry has crept into nearly everything we use nowadays, and almost all of which gather information from us and about us. As a result, the present is immersed in copious amounts of data, which is stored somewhere and, most of the time, not securely protected. 

Today we are almost entirely reliant on IT departments at work; practically all organisations depend on enterprise-wide applications to support numerous key business processes which create a mountain of information. Needless to say, IT infrastructure and business applications are increasingly — and usually, unnecessarily — more complex; complexity is the worst enemy of security — and sometimes, of performance too. As a consequence, we are losing more control of storage and, therefore, security. The more data we share, the bigger the security risk is. 

Companies always strive to successfully harness the power of data, but unfortunately, this is not the case when it comes to securely accessing data. There are laws about protecting information, but most people are either blissfully unaware of them or careless about them. Many of us know what could happen when our data end up in the wrong hands.

Cryptology vs. Cryptography vs. Cryptanalysis. What's the Difference?

Although the words cryptology, cryptography and cryptanalysis are used interchangeably — strictly speaking — they mean different things. Nowadays, we only use the word cryptography for everything; it's indeed a catch-all for a broad range of intertwined topics. Today’s post not only aims to point out the differences among them but also to show their connections to each other.

To begin with, cryptology is the mathematics, algorithms, and the applications of formulas that underpins cryptography and cryptanalysis. The world of cryptology goes from basic foundations in cryptography (code-making) to modern algebraic cryptanalysis (code-breaking). So, cryptology is clearly divided into two major parts: cryptography and cryptanalysis; with strong connections to each other, which include cryptographic applications, types of cryptography and their algorithms, code-breaking techniques, information theory, number theory and mathematical applications to encrypt data and also break ciphers. 

Curious About Cryptographic Boolean Functions?

In order to have a good understanding of cryptographic Boolean functions, let's get started from scratch, that's, having a look at the very basic concepts. To begin with, all modern computers are composed of very basic logic circuits using very basic gates, called operators which only apply to binary numbers, in other words, 0 and 1. Each type of gate implements a Boolean operation. The finite field ${\mathbb F}_{2}=\{0,1\}$ is also called binary field, and it is of special interest because it is particularly efficient for implementation in hardware or on a binary computer. Using these gates, the rules of Boolean algebra may be applied to design circuits that perform a variety of tasks. For example, integrated circuits. Then, these circuits are all put together to build into more powerful modern computers. 

Exploring What a PhD Is Like

Some weeks ago, it was my pleasure, and honour, to be invited to participate as a panellist in the online event Explore What a PhD is Like organised by PhD Social Support Network from Loughborough University. The event aimed to give undergraduate and postgraduate students a summary of Doctoral Researchers’ lives and an idea of what it’s like to do a PhD at Loughborough University.

With so much confusing and contradictory information out there, it becomes a bit difficult to have a good understanding of many things before embarking on doing a PhD. So I decided to write down my answers for those of you who could not attend the event and are interested in doing a PhD. Because we were four panellists, I just answered some questions, but in this post, I share my answers to all questions, which mainly depend on my personal circumstances and experiences at Loughborough University — And I do hope to help clear some things up. In case that you have any other questions, please let me know in the comment section.